Abstract:

Background: Geographic tongue (GT), also known as benign migratory glossitis, is a common benign inflammatory condition of the tongue characterized by transient, migratory areas of depapillation surrounded by slightly elevated, serpiginous white borders. Although generally asymptomatic, some patients experience burning, sensitivity, or discomfort, particularly with spicy or acidic foods.

Objective: This review aims to summarize the current understanding of the etiology, clinical presentation, associated factors, diagnostic criteria, and management strategies for geographic tongue.

Methods: A comprehensive review of the literature was conducted, focusing on epidemiological data, proposed pathogenic mechanisms, systemic associations, clinical features, and therapeutic interventions. Relevant studies from dental, dermatological, and medical literature were analyzed.

Results: The etiology of GT remains multifactorial and incompletely understood, with evidence suggesting roles for genetic predisposition, immune-mediated inflammation, atopy, hormonal influences, stress, and nutritional deficiencies. GT has notable associations with psoriasis, fissured tongue, and allergic conditions. Diagnosis is primarily clinical, based on the characteristic migratory erythematous patches and peripheral hyperkeratotic borders. Histopathology is rarely required. While the condition is self-limiting, symptomatic cases may benefit from topical corticosteroids, anesthetic gels, antihistamines, or vitamin supplementation depending on underlying factors.

Conclusion: Geographic tongue is a benign yet clinically significant oral mucosal condition due to its characteristic appearance and potential association with systemic factors. Increased awareness among clinicians helps avoid misdiagnosis and unnecessary investigations. Further research is needed to clarify its pathogenesis and establish standardized therapeutic guidelines.