Abstract: Background: Pleural effusions, parapneumonic effusions and empyema thoracis are known complications of bacterial pneumonia. Underlying disorders as well as treatment approaches dramatically reduce the rate of morbidity and mortality in children.

Methods: Forty-six children below 12 years of age admitted with pleural effusions or empyema thoracis between October 2015 and May 2019 were prospectively analysed. Daily thoracocentesis, intercostal tube drainage (ICD), open thoracotomy and decortication were performed among appropriate patients.

Results: During the study period 46 cases of pleural effusions or empyema thoracis were encountered. Commonest age group involved was 1-3 years (52.2%) and the youngest patient was a 7-month old boy. Male to female ratio was 1.7:1. In 72% of cases various combinations of oral and/or parenteral antibiotics were administered. Initial therapeutic intervention undertaken was serial thoracocentesis in 14 (30.4%) cases with thin pleural fluid and ICD in 32 (69.6%) patients with frank pus. Four of fourteen children (28.5%) on serial thoracocentesis underwent ICD for failure of resolution of symptoms. Further 4 of 32 (12.5%) cases on ICD were subjected to open thoracotomy and decortication.

Conclusion: Conservative management (with either thoracentesis or tube thoracostomy) of pleural effusions or empyema thoracis with antibiotics covering S. aureus and S. pneumoniae along with ICD is safe and effective without the need for prolonged hospital stay. Surgical intervention is needed only when conservative approach fails.

Background: AUB, or abnormal uterine bleeding, is among the most prevalent clinical manifestations. Ten to twenty percent of women aged 15 to 50 experience it. The present study was conducted to assess thyroid dysfunction in patients with abnormal uterine bleeding.

Materials & Methods: 105 patients with abnormal uterine bleeding were selected. Assessment of serum triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) level was done.

Results: Age group 18-27 years had 25, 28-37 years had 45 and 38-47 years had 35 patients. The difference was non- significant (P> 0.05). The level of tri- iodothyronine was normal in 85, increased in 5 and decreased in 5, level of thyroxine was normal in 87, increased in 6 and decreased in 2 and level of TSH was normal in 81, increased in 9 and decreased in 5 patients. The difference was significant (P< 0.05). Out of 105 patients, 88 were euthyroid, 10 had hypothyroidism and 7 had hyperthyroidism. Under hypothyroidism, 4 had menorrhagia, 3 had oligomenorrhoea, 1 had menometorrhagia, and 2 had polymenorrhoea. Under hyperthyroidism, 3 had menorrhagia, 2 had oligomenorrhoea, 1 had menometorrhagia and 1 had polymenorrhoea. The difference was significant (P< 0.05).

Conclusion: Menorrhagia, oligomenorrhea, menometorrhea, and polymenorrhea were complaints of patients with abnormal uterine bleeding.

Abstract: Background: This study aimed to prospectively analyze the relationship between screen time and sleep patterns among school-age children, examining the impact of screen exposure on total sleep duration, sleep latency, sleep efficiency, and daytime sleepiness.

Materials & Methods: 90 patients of tonsilitis of both genderswere divided into 3 groups of 30 each. Group I patients were treated with bipolar cautery, group II with diode laser, and group III with classical cold dissection. Parameters such as operative time, intraoperative blood loss, and pain scores (VAS) were compared.

Results: Group I had 19 males and 11 females, group II had 12 males and 18 females and group III had 14 males and 16 females. The mean operative time in group I was 12.4 minutes, in group II was 15.3 minutes and in group III was 24.6 minutes. The mean blood loss was 20.5 ml in group I, 10.5 ml in group II and 60.2 ml in group III. The VAS score was 2.3 in group I, 2.5 in group II and 3.1 in group III. The difference was significant (P< 0.05).

Conclusion: Compared to the traditional dissection approach, both laser tonsillectomy and bipolar tonsillectomy offer certain benefits. When compared to cold knife dissection, they both have shorter operating and anesthetic times, less primary, reactionary, and secondary bleeding, and less post-operative pain.